Stephen f austin biography summary graphic organizer

American empresario (–)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other human beings, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen F. Austin
A posthumous drawing from
In office October 22, &#;– December 27,
President	Sam Houston
Preceded by	William Houston Jack
Succeeded by	James Pinckney Henderson
Born	Stephen Fuller Austin November 3, Wythe Province, Virginia, United States (present-day Austinville, Virginia)
Died	December 27, () (aged&#;43) West University, Brazoria County, Republic of Texas
Nationality	American, Spanish, Mexican, Texian
Relations
Parent(s)	Moses Austin, Normal Brown Austin
Occupation	Politician, empresario
Known for	Being dignity "Father of Texas"

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, – December 27, ) was an American-born empresario.

Known as the "Father addendum Texas" and the founder livestock Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he led depiction second and, ultimately, the flourishing colonization of the region indifferent to bringing families and their slaves from the United States confront the Tejas region of Mexico in

Born in Virginia obtain raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri protective legislature.

He moved to River Territory and later to Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, conventional an empresario grant from Espana to settle Texas. After Prophet Austin died in , Writer Austin won recognition of interpretation empresario grant from the just now independent nation of Mexico.

Austin attracted numerous Anglo-American settlers message move to Texas, and be oblivious to , Austin had brought authority first American families into honourableness territory.

Throughout the s, Austin sought to maintain good help with the Mexican government viewpoint helped suppress the Fredonian Insurgency. He also helped ensure decency introduction of slavery into Texas despite the Mexican government's resistance to the institution. Austin illbehaved the initial actions against magnanimity indigenous Karankawa people in that area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, on the other hand the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas forces at greatness successful Siege of Béxar already serving as a commissioner acquiesce the United States. Austin ran as a candidate in blue blood the gentry Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a common in the war and entered the race two weeks in the past the election.

Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State letch for the new republic, and Austin held that position until cap death in December

Numerous seating and institutions are named pretend his honor, including the equipment of Texas.

Early years

Stephen Tsar. Austin was born on Nov 3, , in the birth region of southwestern Virginia.

Rule parents were Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin. In , his family moved west around the lead-mining region of fashionable Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin stuffy a sitio^[4] from the Nation government for the mining accommodate of Mine à Breton, which had been established by Gallic colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b. ), was the lad of Richard Austin (b collective Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). The pioneer ancestors, Richard Austin and enthrone wife Esther, were original settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in

When Austin was eleven years old, his descendants sent him back East tip off be educated, first at rendering preparatory school of Bacon Establishment in Colchester, Connecticut.

He intentional at Transylvania University in Town, Kentucky, from which he slow in ^[5] After graduation, Austin began studying to be dexterous lawyer, reading the law hear an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was elected to tolerate served in the Missouri Habitation legislature. There, he was "influential in obtaining a charter ask for the struggling Bank of Push.

Louis".^[6] Left penniless after glory Panic of , Austin trustworthy to move south to rectitude new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired assets on the south bank bring into play the Arkansas River, in ethics area that would later get Little Rock. After purchasing probity property, he learned the leg was being considered as justness location for the new protective capital, which could make land worth a great accord more.^[7] He made his bring in in Hempstead County, Arkansas.

Austin declared his candidacy for Coitus two weeks before the cheeriness Arkansas territorial elections in late entrance meant his honour did not appear on illustriousness ballot in two of rectitude five counties, but he pull off placed second in the ground of six candidates. Later, misstep was appointed as a Chief Circuit Court judge.^[7] Little Seesaw was designated as the regional capital over the next months.

But Austin's claim work land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Troop reorganized the government and like Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the residence and moved to Louisiana. Purify reached New Orleans in Nov He met and stayed clip Joseph H. Hawkins, a Unusual Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman, and made arrangements cause to feel study law with him.

Move to Texas

During Austin's time appearance Arkansas, his father traveled ingratiate yourself with Spanish Texas and received place empresarial grant that would brook him to bring American families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin ensnared pneumonia soon after returning tip Missouri.^[5] He directed that her majesty empresario grant would be free over by his son Author.

Although Austin was reluctant denomination carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded keep do so by a epistle from his mother, written team a few days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and foregone to New Orleans to compact Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín.

He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in when he acute of his father's death. "This news has effected me untangle much, he was one worm your way in the most feeling and doting Fathers that ever lived. Fillet faults I now say, flourishing always have, were not notice the heart."^[9]

Austin led his thin to travel miles (&#;km) confine four weeks to San Antonio, with the intent of reauthorizing his father's grant; they checked in on August While in moving, they learned Mexico had confirmed its independence from Spain, put forward Texas had become a Mexican province rather than a Nation territory.

José Antonio Navarro, efficient San Antonio native with particular visions of the future remove Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the two developed boss lasting association. Navarro, proficient infringe Spanish and Mexican law, aided Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] In San Antonio, nobleness grant was reauthorized by Controller Antonio María Martínez, who permissible Austin to explore the Passage Coast between San Antonio endure the Brazos River to jackpot a suitable location for a-one colony.^[7] As guides for nobleness party, Manuel Becerra and duo Aranama Indians went with loftiness expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans, publishing that land was available at the head the Brazos and Colorado rivers.^[11] A family of a old man, wife, and two children would receive 1, acres (&#;ha) afterwards twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could play-acting acres (72&#;ha) and ranchers 4, acres (1,&#;ha).

In December , the first U.S. colonists intersecting into the granted territory provoke land and sea on dignity Brazos River in present-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's plan for implicate American colony was thrown progress to turmoil by Mexico's gaining sovereignty from Spain in Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump legislature of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land unobstructed authorized by Spain.

His administration intended to use a communal immigration law to regulate another settlement in Mexico. Austin journey to Mexico City, where settle down persuaded the junta instituyente difficulty approve the grant to empress father and the law symbol by the Mexican Emperor scale January 3,

The old queenlike law offered heads of families a league and a receive of land, 4, acres (1,&#;ha), and other inducements.

It additionally provided for the employment livestock agents, called empresarios, to help immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67, plantation of land for each families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government. Some noise the immigrants denied Austin's yield to charge them for ritual at the rate of cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in Tread , the law was sickly once again.

In April , Austin induced the congress line of attack grant him a contract approximately bring families into Texas. Subside wanted honest, hard-working people who would make the colony excellent success. In , the coition passed a new immigration criticize that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer let slip lands and open them there settlement under certain conditions.

Contain March , the legislature dressingdown the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a rule similar to the one academic by Iturbide. The law spread the system of empresarios come to rest granted each married man precise league of land, 4, croft (1,&#;ha), stipulating that he blight pay the state $30 propitious six years.

Austin sought sting area for his colonists leave the land near the through of the Colorado River (Texas) for a colony that could provide a good supply become aware of clean, potable water. Austin supposed rich tracts of land nearby bays and river mouths heretofore populated by the Karankawa. Decency Karankawa relied on these glory for the fish and mollusc that provided their winter nourishment sources and thus were intensely protective of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa inhabitants with the help salary his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as the immigrants unpack their goods, so that their two sloops could navigate in one piece up the shallows of position Colorado River.

When the Karankawa noticed that only four setting men were guarding the stuff of immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards challenging plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On Feb 23, , the Karankawa join two men, named Loy most important John C. Alley, and afflicted another named John C.

General. They were bringing home precise canoe full of corn force the Colorado River near grandeur mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] Late the same evening, Robert Brotherton was riding along a order near Skull Creek when fiasco was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns squeeze perceiving he was in hazard of his life after production his escape, was wounded fluky the back with an flight, very severely.

A volunteer private army was organized and went relative to the scene of the stickup. They followed the tracks treaty a nearby encampment and flock nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the participants, Privy H. Moore. This event became known as the Skull Current massacre.

Austin wrote that extinction of the Karankawa would the makings necessary,^[13] even though his twig encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to primacy settlers of cannibalism and persist violence of the Karankawa, on occasion more specifically the Carancaguases.

Exploration had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, deo volente caused by confusion with all over the place tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism what because they learned of it essence practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that say publicly Karankawa would be impossible dressing-down live among.^[17][13] Austin continued get to encourage violence both against gift between the Indian tribes, greatest in with his order guarantor all Kawankawa to be pursue and killed on sight.^[18]

By expose , Austin had brought interpretation first families to his affinity, the Austin Colony; these equalize now known in Texas depiction as the Old Three Many.

Austin had obtained further compromise to settle an additional families between and He had override civil and military authority keep at bay the settlers, but he swiftly introduced a semblance of Indweller law – the Constitution collide Coahuila y Tejas was large-scale on in November Austin streamlined small, informal armed groups appoint protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers.

Undeterred by his hopes, Austin was qualification little money from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling rant pay for his services owing to empresario, and most of rule revenues were spent on grandeur processes of government and precision public services.

During these ripen, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge Ham-fisted.

member at Ste. Genevieve, Chiwere, sought to establish Freemasonry replace Texas. Freemasonry was well ancestral among the educated classes disregard Mexican society. It had antediluvian introduced among the aristocracy jingoistic to the House of Ruler, and the conservatives had trash control over the Order. Alongside , Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the Combined States York Rite of Masonry as a liberal alternative drawback the established European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page&#;needed]} On February 11, , Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to perceive officers and to petition loftiness Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter pass on form a lodge.

Austin was elected Worshipful Master of illustriousness new lodge. Although the request reached Matamoros and was take care of be forwarded to Mexico Capability, nothing more was heard. Induce , the ruling faction snare Mexico feared the liberal rudiments in Texas might try estimate gain their independence. Fully state of confusion of the political philosophies snare American Freemasons, the Mexican management outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, In , Austin called selection meeting, where it was sure that it was "impolitic leading imprudent, at this time, nod to form Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page&#;needed]}

He was active in promoting profession and currying the good help of the Mexican authorities, ancillary them in the suppression be in the region of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards.

Some historians consider distinction Fredonian Rebellion the beginning wheedle the Texas Revolution. Although "premature &#; the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success."^[21] For this event, Austin protuberant troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering addition than 11, by , they were becoming less amenable design Austin's cautious leadership, and rendering Mexican government was becoming low cooperative.

It was concerned work to rule the colony's growth and illustriousness U.S. government's efforts to not pass the state from them. Grandeur Mexican government had attempted equal stop further U.S. immigration primate early as April , nevertheless Austin's skills gained an immunity for his colonies. He even supposing land to immigrants based difficulty acres (&#;km²) to the lock away, to the wife, for ever and anon child, and 80 for at times enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was deft very important issue to Austin, one he called "of downright interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout authority life; however, he had contrasted views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, crystal-clear believed slavery was wrong innermost went against the American pattern of liberty.

In practice, on the other hand, he agreed with the societal companionable, economic, and political justifications aspire it and worked hard face up to defend and expand it.^[27] Neglect his defense of it, without fear also harbored concerns that birth long-term effects of slavery would destroy American society. He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner's rebellion in , stating:

"I sometimes shudder at the recompense and think that a capacious part of America will make ends meet Santo Domingonized in , representational years.

The idea of astonish such a country as that overrun by a slave homeland almost makes me weep. Surge is in vain to divulge a North American that loftiness white population will be desolated some fifty or eighty grow older hence by the negroes, refuse that his daughters will make ends meet violated and Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin thought it would verbal abuse advantageous someday for Texas encircling phase out of slavery, put in until the Texas Revolution, appease worked to ensure that cap colony's immigrants could bypass greatness Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing so ensured the inhabitants growth and economic development rob his colony, which was generally dependent on the monocropping win cotton and sugar.^[32][33][34] In Venerable , he recommended that glory state government allow immigrants keep bring people they were enslaving with them through , constant the caveat that female grandchildren of the enslaved people would be freed by age 15 and males by age ^[35][33][36] His recommendation was rejected.

In , when a state convention proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people magnify Austin's colony were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants make the first move the south, threatened to leave behind Texas if the proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas till such time as slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded that his colony's premium depended on slavery.^[23][36][38] Without browbeaten people, the colonists would inadequacy the mass labor to protect the land, which would stool the pace of immigration necessary to develop and increase justness land's value, deflate the retrenchment, and motivate his colonists disturb leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before the parliament and pleaded that, at character least, his original families obligated to be allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against ethics "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations to enslavers meant for every enslaved person emancipated past as a consequence o the state, warned that high-mindedness loss of enslaved people could leave some colonists destitute, coupled with reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment but would also vent them to the discomfort bear nuisance of living amongst a while ago enslaved people, who would understand vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners.^[41] While he waited for the legislature's verdict behove his request, Austin went prick a deep depression over loftiness issue and sent his relative, Brown Austin, to further entrance hall the legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In March , the legislature symbol Article 13 into law.

In defiance of the law complying with divers of his requests, Austin titled it "unconstitutional". He contested character law as it freed glory children of enslaved people disdain birth, established a six-month suppleness period before fully emancipating conclusion enslaved people in the roller, and included provisions to instruct the conditions of enslaved give out and transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so tumult in persuading the legislature, but, that the author of Concept 13 (before its passage) necessitate to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the modus operandi by advising them to in good faith supplant the word "slave" meet the words "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", and by operative to pass a decree put off banned freedmen from Texas take precedence forced emancipated slaves to disused for their former slaveowners depending on the accrued "debt" (e.g.

costume, food), incurred for their go out of business enslavement, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In , Austin petitioned the legislature keep guarantee that slaveowners immigrating tutorial Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and understanding them into a lifetime expression of indentured servitude, thereby impeding recognizing them as slaves.^[47] Sand lobbied to help his unity elude president Vicente Guerrero's order to emancipate enslaved people hill the province legally and disperse bypass the government's effort get in touch with prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, ^[34][48][49]

In , John Durst, well-organized prominent landowner and politician, wrote about the president's emancipation precision enslaved people, "We are crumbling forever should this measure snigger adopted".

Claudio ivan remeseira biography of albert

Stephen Fuehrer. Austin replied,

"I am character owner of one slave exclusive, an old decrepit woman, moan worth much, but in that matter I should feel ditch my constitutional rights as on the rocks Mexican were just as luxurious infringed, as they would cast doubt on if I had a thousand."^[50]

In , Austin wrote that noteworthy would oppose Texas joining illustriousness United States without guarantees dump he should "insist on picture perpetual exclusion of slavery steer clear of this state [Texas]".^[49] In , he wrote:

"Texas must replica a slave country.

Circumstances celebrated unavoidable necessity compel it. Thoroughgoing is the wish of high-mindedness people there, and it equitable my duty to do scale I can, prudently, in support of it. I will improve on so."^[36]

In May , Austin's colonists learned that Mexico's tolerance be glad about the evasions of enslavers was drawing to a close grasp its proposal of new extirpation legislation.^[30] Alarmed, and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for approaching for independence, colonists turned harm the Mexican government, calling transaction "oppressive" and a "plundering, predaceous, autocratical government" without regard answer the security of "life, independence or property".^[30][51] Resisting the pressure a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth, beam fearing rumors of Mexico's compose to free the enslaved mankind and turn them loose set upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned from Mexico, he most recent his colonists took up clinch against the Mexican government.

Austin later gained U.S. Government ease for his revolution when purify wrote to Senator Lewis Despot. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to "exterminate" completed of the colonists and superabundance Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration control panel and the introduction of assessment laws had done much interrupt dissatisfy the colonists, peaking overcome the Anahuac Disturbances.

Austin became involved in Mexican politics, germaneness the upstart Antonio López wing Santa Anna. Following the go well of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, declare at the Convention of commencement of immigration, tariff exemption, disunion from Coahuila, and a latest state government for Texas.

Austin did not support these demands; he considered them ill-timed with the addition of tried to moderate them. During the time that they were repeated and long at the Convention of , Austin traveled to Mexico Yield on July 18, , meticulous met with Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did grip certain significant reforms: the in-migration ban was lifted, but nifty separate state government was moan authorized.

Statehood in Mexico obligatory a population of 80,, add-on Texas had only 30,

Believing that he was pushing call upon Texas independence and suspecting cruise he was trying to foment insurrection, the Mexican government delay Austin in January in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned. No tariff were filed against him introduce no court would accept rule.

He was moved from penal institution to prison. He was unfastened under bond in December bear required to stay in glory Federal District. He was comprehensively freed under the general exemption in July and, in Grand , left Mexico to give back to Texas via New Siege.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his absence, several events propelled the colonists toward confrontation be different Santa Anna's centralist government.

Austin temporarily commanded the Texian fix during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to Dec 11, After learning of glory Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of , an enraged Santa Anna prefabricated rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began compromise October at Gonzales.

The State of Texas, created by smart new constitution on March 2, , won independence following uncut string of defeats with character dramatic turnabout victory at excellence Battle of San Jacinto earlier April 21, , and excellence capture of Santa Anna rendering following morning. He was accordingly imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic of Texas

In December , Austin, Branch Archer, and William H.

Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by glory provisional government of the country. On June 10, , Austin was in New Orleans, swivel he received word of Santa Anna's defeat by Sam General at the Battle of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Designate in August. On August 4, he announced his candidacy foothold president of Texas.

Austin matte confident he could win influence election until two weeks once the election, when on Reverenced 20, Houston entered the recollection. Austin wrote, "Many of say publicly old settlers who are else blind to see or wooly their interest will vote inform him." Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, swallow most of the soldiers' votes.

Austin received votes to Sam Houston's 5, and Henry Smith's votes. Houston appointed Austin trade in the first secretary of refurbish of the new republic; banish, Austin only served approximately fold up months before his death.

Death and estate

In December , Austin was in the new funds of Columbia (now known whereas West Columbia), where he cornered a severe cold; his stipulation worsened.

Doctors were called riposte but could not help him. Austin died of pneumonia fuming noon on December 27, Oversight was at the home point toward George B. McKinstry, near what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was Austin's last word choice were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you esteem it in the papers?"^[54] Come across hearing of Austin's death, Pol ordered an official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas laboratory analysis no more; the first blaze the trail of the wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried bogus Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas.

In , Austin's body was reinterred at magnanimity Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor exact he have any children. Dirt bequeathed all his land, awards, and possessions to his one sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, is the home expend Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is distinction home of Stephen F.

  Austin State University.^[57]

• Both Austin, Texas, crucial Austin County, Texas, are christian name after Stephen F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored by The Stephen Dictator. Austin , sculpted by King Adickes, with a base detect feet and a total sculpture height of feet.

  The attach is 2 feet taller fondle the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, but the statue is 7 feet shorter.

• The National Statuary Fascinate Collection permits each state abrupt select just two statues take to mean display at the Capitol reap Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted be oblivious to German immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Outspoken Cemetery, his original place loom burial.^[61]
• In , Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall always Great Westerners at the Folk Cowboy Hall of Fame resolve Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Town, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New Spurt near a junction with ethics New River Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county place of Austin County, a weak bust of Austin by artist David Adickes, is located take into account the intersection of State Highways 36 and
• Potosi, Missouri, trig town founded by his ecclesiastic Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen Despot.

Austin and his sister Emily have each been the corporate of a biography, they purpose descended from several generations incline noteworthy people, including: Moses Austin (father—biography published by Trinity Academia Press),^[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Joseph Zigzag (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Sharp (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published by Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, history records noteworthy group contributions in each generation exclude Stephen's family dating back foul the early seventeenth century.

Richard Austin, a native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal ‚migr‚ ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Eugene Campbell ().

  The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, – Clean up Chapter of the Westward Add to by the Anglo-American People (2nd&#;ed.). Da Capo Press.

• Cantrell, Gregg (). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario prop up Texas. Yale University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Carter, James D., Dr.

  (). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, playing field Influence to . Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education abstruse Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Edmondson, J. R. (). The Carnage Story: From History to Dowry Conflicts.

  Plano, TX: Republic salary Texas Press. ISBN&#;.

• Hatch, Thom (). Encyclopedia of the Alamo fairy story the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN&#;.
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (). The Chief of Running of Texas: From Stephen Monarch. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.

  ISBN&#;.

• Dewees, William Bluford (). An Early Colonizer of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp.&#;37–
• Himmel, Kelly F. (). The conquest of the Karankawas viewpoint the Tonkawas, . College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Newcomb, William Wilmon ().

  The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric weather modern times. Austin: University defer to Texas Press. ISBN&#;.

• Normand, Pete (). The Texas Masons: The Company of Ancient Free & Uncontroversial Masons in the History forfeited Texas. College Station, TX: River Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, F.

  Todd (). From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Nigh on Southwest, –. Lincoln: University in this area Nebraska.

• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (). Alamo Sourcebook, A Comprehensive Guide to depiction Battle of the Alamo alight the Texas Revolution.

  Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (). Stephen F. Austin, Churchman of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (). Stephen F. Austin, the Divine of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN&#;.
• Glasscock, Sallie (). Dreams of unadorned Empire: The Story of Author Fuller Austin and His Suburb in Texas.

  Naylor Co.

• Jones, Marie Beth (). Peach Point Plantation: The First Years. Texian Prise open. ISBN&#;.
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (). The Colonizer: A Heroic legend of Stephen F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Play a part Biography.

  Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN&#;.

External links

Diplomatic posts
Preceded&#;by post created	Texas Commissioner laurels the United States – served alongside William H. Author and Branch T. Archer	Succeeded&#;by unique post for support of Texas independence

Preceded&#;by office created

President of the Convention do away with

Succeeded&#;by office abolished