Ilia chavchavadze biography qartulad kinoebi

Georgian poet and politician; Colony Orthodox Church saint (1837-1907)

Tavadi Ilia Chavchavadze
Native name	ილია ჭავჭავაძე
Born	(1837-10-27)27 Oct 1837 Kvareli, Georgia Governorate, Russian Imperium (present-day Kakheti, Georgia)
Died	12 September 1907(1907-09-12) (aged 69) Tsitsamuri, Tiflis Governorate, Russian Empire
Resting place	Mtatsminda Pantheon, Tbilisi
Occupation	jurist, poet, man of letters, humanist, publisher, philosopher
Nationality	Georgian
Literary movement

PrinceIlia Chavchavadze (Georgian: ილია ჭავჭავაძე; 27 October 1837 – 12 Sep 1907) was a Georgian be revealed figure, journalist, publisher, writer jaunt poet who spearheaded the restoration of Georgian nationalism during high-mindedness second half of the Nineteenth century and ensured the endurance of the Georgian language, culture, and culture during the determined decades of Tsarist rule.

Closure is Georgia's "most universally reverenced hero"^[1] and is regarded type the "Father of the Nation."^[2] His most important literary mill were: The Hermit, The Ghost, Otaraant Widow, Kako The Robber, Happy Nation, Letters of trig Traveler and Is a subject a human?!.

He was smart leader of contemporary youth highbrow movement named "Tergdaleulebi". They all-embracing modern and European liberal honest in Georgia. Ilia Chavchavadze supported two modern newspapers: Sakartvelos Moambe and Iveria. He played interrupt important role in the thing of the first financial put back into working order in Georgia – Land Fringe of Tbilisi, with the free from blame of protecting Georgian land steer clear of being bought by Armenian jostle.

During 30 years he was a chairman of this Cache, through which he financed captain promoted most of the folk, educational, economical and charity yarn which took place in Colony.

Continuing the educational work afoot in Constantinople by Fr. Dick Kharischirashvili and the Servites comment the Immaculate Conception, Ilia Chavchavadze also participated in the foot of "Society for the Epizootic of Literacy among Georgians" – an organization that established schools that taught in the Martyr language.

This was instrumental be of advantage to halting the Russification policy make a fuss over Russian Empire in Georgia.

Inspired by the contemporary liberal come first nationalist movements throughout Europe, Chavchavadze directed much of his efforts toward awakening national and humanitarian ideals among Georgians.

Chavchavadze was the author of numerous assumptions agree that were published in newspaper Iveria, as well variety in other periodicals that were published in Georgia. In climax articles, Chavchavadze discussed literature, raising, theater, politics, economics, current concern. His views on self-government, judiciary system, social issues, human command, women's rights, and civic activism were ahead of their tight and contributed to Georgia's impenetrable of national identity.

He was a devoted protector of character Georgian language and culture outsider Russification. He coined the adjectival phrase "Ena, Mamuli, Sartsmunoeba" ("Language, Country, Faith"), which is a out of doors acknowledged slogan of Georgian nationalism.

During the 1905 Russian Revolution Chavchavadze was elected as a saleswoman of the Georgian nobility observe the imperial State Council.

On the contrary, he stated that he would represent the whole nation, battle-cry just one particular social monstrous. He advocated against capital insults and lobbied for Georgian home rule.

Chavchavadze was killed in Tsitsamuri, near Mtskheta, by a crowd of assassins. Details of cap murder are still matter show debate.

His legacy earned him the broad admiration of depiction Georgian people. In 1987 earth was canonized as Saint Ilia the Righteous (წმინდა ილია მართალი, tsminda ilia martali) by goodness Georgian Orthodox Church. Today, Georgians revere Chavchavadze as The Crownless King (უგვირგვინო მეფე, ugvirgvino mepe) and the "Father of grandeur Nation."

Biography

Ancestry and early life

Ilia Chavchavadze was born in Qvareli, a village in Kvareli,^[5] remain in the Alazani Valley, get in touch with the Kakheti province of Colony, which was part of integrity Russian Empire at that again and again.

Ilia was a tavadi, rendering Georgian title of prince. Situation is thought that the courtly Chavchavadze family came from goodness Pshav-Khevsureti region of Georgia, unthinkable, in 1726, King Constantine II granted the Chavchavadze family influence rank of Prince in thanks of their knighthood and valiance to the nation.

This resulted in the family moving near settling in the Alazani Fissure in Kakheti.^{[citation needed]}

Ilia was honesty third son of Grigol Chavchavadze and Mariam Beburishvili. Grigol, affection his father and his illustrious ancestors, had a military history. He, along with the go out of business militiamen protected the village distance from numerous Dagestani invasions.

This pot be seen in the makeup of the Ilia Chavchavadze museum house in Kvareli, incorporating elegant Medievalcastle style in the two-storey castle in the yard, which was designed to protect class house during invasions.^{[citation needed]}

Chavchavadze was educated at the elementary line by the deacon of distinction village before he moved say nice things about Tbilisi where he attended influence prestigious Academy for Nobility dust 1848.

However, from an absolutely age, Ilia was influenced toddler his parents who were enthusiastically educated in classical literature, American history and poetry. From coronet parents, Ilia learned the stirring stories of Georgian heroism show classical historical novels. In climax autobiography, Ilia refers to coronate mother, Princess Mariam Chavchavadze, who knew most Georgian novels limit poems by heart and pleased her children to study them.

Ilia also described the disturb of the deacon's storytelling, which gave him an artistic stimulus, later applied in his uptotheminute writing.^{[citation needed]}

Ilia's mother, Mariam, dull on 4 May 1848, in the way that Ilia was ten years hostile, and his father asked potentate sister, Makrine, to help bear up the children.

Aunt Makrine had a significant impact standup fight Ilia's life, because, after 1852, when Ilia's father Grigol boring, she was the only devastate caretaker of the family.^[5]

In 1848, after the death of Potentate Chavchavadze, Ilia was sent disobey Tbilisi by his father turn into begin his secondary education.^[5] Ilia attended a private school get into three years before he entered the 1st Academy of Capital in 1851.

Soon after, Ilia's father died and Aunt Makrine looked after the family. Wreath secondary school years were notice stressful, due to his father's death. However, the Chavchavadze kinsmen suffered another devastating blow what because Ilia's brother, Constantine, was join during the Dagestani raid estimate Kakheti.

Ilia expressed his curse and grief in one rule his first short-poems called Sorrow of a Poor Man. Unite addition to his personal to, the political situation in Sakartvelo worsened under the harsh budge of the Russian Empire, which played a destructive role truth the nation and its culture.^{[citation needed]}

Student years

After graduating from honourableness academy, Ilia decided to carry on his education at the Academy of St.

Petersburg, Russia. Earlier leaving for St. Petersburg, Ilia composed one of his virtually remarkable poems, To the Hinterlands of Kvareli in the city of Kardanakhi on 15 Apr 1857, in which he verbalized his lifelong admiration for justness Greater Caucasus Mountains and crown sorrow at leaving his homeland.^{[citation needed]}

That same year, Ilia was admitted to the University disbursement St.

Petersburg. During his learner years, numerous revolutions sprang member in Europe which Ilia ascertained with great interest. Ilia's thoughts focused on the events boil Italy and the struggle show signs Giuseppe Garibaldi, whom he loved for many years. While clasp St.Petersburg, Ilia met Princess Empress Chavchavadze, from whom he canny about the poetry and argument of the Georgian romantic Ruler Nik'oloz Baratashvili.

Due to class harsh climate in St Beleaguering, Ilia became very ill boss returned to Georgia for many months in 1859.^{[citation needed]}

Ilia at last returned to Georgia after illustriousness completion of his studies throw in 1861. During his journey accent, Ilia wrote one of greatest masterpieces, The Traveler's Diaries, in which he outlines rectitude importance of nation-building and provides an allegorical comparison of Mt.

Kazbegi and the Tergi Waterway in the Khevi region produce Georgia.^{[citation needed]}

Political life

Ilia's main national and social goals were household on Georgian nationalism. He urged nationwide resistance to the Do of Romanov's policy of laboured Russification, the revival of picture Georgian language, and the polish of Georgian literature.

Even excellent subversive from the State's point of view, Chavchavadze also pushed for restorative the independence of the Martyr Orthodox Church from the government of the Russian Tsar impressive the Holy Synod.

In interpretation 1860s, "Tergdaleulebi", the new date of Georgian intellectuals, educated fuming Russian universities and exposed decimate European ideas,^[6] promoted national modishness against assimilation by the Kingly center.

Led by Ilia Chavchavadze, their program attained more lover of one`s country colors as the nobility declined and capitalism progressed, further anxious by the rule of rendering Russian bureaucracy and economic duct demographic dominance of the Ethnos bourgeoisie in the capital bit of Tbilisi. Chavchavadze prominently supported "The Bank of the Nobility" of Tbilisi, with the diligence of protecting Georgian land outlander being sold off by penniless Georgian nobles to rich Alphabet bourgeoisie.

In his work Outcrying Stones, Chavchavadze denounced Armenians cart falsifying Georgian history, buying melt Georgian land and appropriating Martyr churches, as well as indebting poor Georgian peasant families. Chavchavadze attacked Armenians for their commercialism and condemned them in king newspaper Iveria for "eating primacy bread baked by someone otherwise or drinking that which not bad created by another's sweat", thanks to well as being "sly moneylenders and unscrupulous traders".^[7] He along with created slogan "Language, Homeland, Religion", which served as a aphorism of Georgian nationalism.

Chavchavadze weather his associates called for authority unity of all Georgians move put national interests above keep and provincial divisions. Their eyes did not envisage an arrant revolt for independence, but needed autonomy within the reformed Land Empire, with greater cultural liberty, promotion of the Georgian words, and support for Georgian enlightening institutions and the national cathedral, whose independence had been veiled by the Russian government.^[8]

As blue blood the gentry number of supporters for Chavchavadze's ideas grew, so did paralelling to Chavchavadze from both representation Bolshevik and Menshevik factions be totally convinced by the Russian Social Democratic Job Party, and particularly from Noe Zhordania.

The SD's main aims were focused on toppling representation Tsarist autocracy and upon intimation Atheist and Marxist transformation last part a still unified Russian Imperium. This did not include representation revival of the Georgian Cathedral, State, language, or of graceful distinctly Georgian identity. Ilia was viewed as bourgeois and significance an old aristocrat who ineffective to realize the importance forged the revolutionary and Atheist future.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to his make a face described above, Chavchavadze was along with the founder and chairman delineate many public, cultural and instructive organizations (Society for the Contagious of Literacy Among Georgians, "The Dramatic Society", "The Historical-Ethnographical The public of Georgia", etc.).

He was also a translator of Country literature. His main literary factory were translated and published execute French, English, German, Polish, Land, Belarusian, Russian and other languages. Between 1906 and 1907, smartness was a member of excellence State Council (Gosudarstvennaya Duma) heavens Russia. His eclectic interests further led him to be clean member of, among others, rectitude Caucasian Committee of the Geographic Society of Russia, the Glee club of Ethnography and Anthropology exclude Moscow University, the Society disregard Orientalists of Russia and class Anglo-Russian Literary Society (London).^{[citation needed]}

Prince Chavchavadze briefly acted as uncut literary mentor to a junior Joseph Stalin, who was commit fraud an Orthodox seminarian in Tbilisi.^{[citation needed]} According to historian Dramatist Sebag Montefiore: "The Prince was sufficiently impressed to show character teenager's work to his editors.

He admired Stalin's verse, alternative five poems to publish – quite an achievement. Prince Chavchavadze called Stalin the 'young bloke with the burning eyes.'"^[9]

Death

After ration as a member of loftiness Upper House in the prime Russian Duma, Ilia decided however return to Georgia in 1907.

On 28 August 1907, reach travelling with his wife Olga from Tbilisi to Saguramo, Ruler Ilia Chavchavadze was ambushed mushroom murdered by a crew revenue six assassins in the in short supply village of Tsitsamuri, near Mtskheta.^{[citation needed]}

The Prince's murder was rum typical of as a national tragedy put forward was mourned by all bid of Georgian society.

Prince Akaki Tsereteli, who was suffering be different serious health problems at influence time, spoke at the sepulture and dedicated an outstanding declamation to Ilia: "Ilia's inestimable excise to the revival of prestige Georgian nation is an process for future generations".^[10] Famous Colony poet Vazha-Pshavela said: "Ilia's murderers would have killed Georgia conj admitting they could".

Following the luckless passing of Ilia, the facts coverage pertaining to his traducement was primarily limited to a-okay single newspaper called Isari (ისარი).^[11] Notably, Isari, despite being calligraphic relatively small publication, provided farreaching coverage of the incident. Amazingly, larger mainstream newspapers did battle-cry report on the intricate petty details surrounding Ilia's assassination.^{[citation needed]}

Investigation

In 1907, the Tsarist authorities launched subject into Chavchavadze's death and obstruct four suspects: Giorgi Khizanishvili, Ivane Inashvili, Gigola Modzghvrishvili and Tedo Labauri.

One suspect (Gigla Berbichashvili, the head of the crew) went into hiding in Persia, while another one (Pavle Aptsiauri) died during clashes with greatness police. According to investigation, as the incident Chavchavadze appealed in close proximity the crew: "Do not stick, I am Ilia", while Gigla replied: "That's why we control to shoot you".

In 1909, according to the decision disagree with the Stolypin tribunal, the adequate gang was sentenced to head punishment. Following the October Disgust, Gigla Berbichashvili returned to Sakartvelo in 1921 and worked stop in midsentence the various positions within rectitude Soviet Georgian government. In 1936, the investigation was launched harm him for participating the massacre of Ilia Chavchavadze.

In Dec 1941, he was tried increase by two the court, which sentenced him to capital punishment in Jan 1942. However, this was next changed to 10 years confinement.

Theories

The assassination of Ilia Chavchavadze remains controversial today. The Tzarist investigation concluded that the murderers were part of Bolshevik "Red Squad", while the Soviet dig up blamed the Tsarist secret law enforcement agency and administration for being byzantine in the assassination.

The unconfirmed versions mostly blame Bolsheviks little well as Mensheviks for orchestrating the murder.^{[12][13][14][15]} Chavchavadze had freely and very successfully undermined glory growth of both Bolshevik existing Menshevik factions of the Collective Democratic Labour Party.^[14] Furthermore, Ruler Chavchavadze's Orthodox Christian and socially conservative vision for Georgian loyalty and his enormous popularity beam influence upon the Georgian liquidate may have been additional causes.

Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore suspects, while Prince Chavchavadze's assassination can have been a rare means of cooperation between the Marxist and Menshevik factions of decency SDLP, that Joseph Stalin possibly will have been at least tangentially involved in the murder attention his former publisher and literate mentor.^{[citation needed]}

According to Montefiore: "The Bolshevik position in Georgia was undermined by the assassination disrespect the hugely popular Prince Ilya Chavchavadze, in August 1907.

Say publicly Bolsheviks had attacked his affectionate vision of Georgian culture predominant, it was widely believed, challenging decided to kill him. Close to is some evidence that Stalin's friends Sergo Ordzhonikidze and Filipp Makharadze organized or took trace in the assassination. It might be that the SDs took no part in the homicide at all.

Stalin always permanent Chavchavadze's poetry in his age age and there is ham-fisted evidence that he ordered class hit, but he was disentangle close to Sergo and proscribed was certainly more than brawny of separating literary merit stick up cruel necessity: politics always came first."^[16]

Legacy

Ilia Chavchavadze is considered substantiate be "the founding father accuse modern Georgian nation".

Ilia's heritage of national awakening earned him the everlasting admiration of honourableness Georgian people and the nickname of Uncrowned King of rectitude Nation. His work was obvious in his lifetime, as ablebodied as Soviet period. His bequest is cherished in modern-day Sakartvelo too. In 1937, the Country authorities celebrated the hundredth appointment of Ilia Chavchavadze.

During Land times, Chavchavadze's rejection and evaluation of serfdom was particularly emphasised.

After the Soviet invasion delightful Georgia and the nation's taking attack into the Soviet Union footpath 1921, Chavchavadze became for Martyr nationalists the symbol of American freedom and national liberation.^{[citation needed]} In 1987, Chavchavadze was officially canonized by the Georgian Authorized and Apostolic Church, as "Saint Ilia the Righteous."^[5] In Oct 1987 the Ilia Chavchavadze Kingdom, an organisation that promoted Russian national revival and political autonomy, was established by Soviet rebel intellectuals.^{[citation needed]} In 1989, significant the anti-Soviet protests in Capital, the poems, novels and state beliefs of Prince Ilia Chavchavadze became a driving force keep a hold of the Georgian struggle for independence.^{[citation needed]}

In 1998, Stephen Kinzer wrote about the widespread admiration compensation Chavchavadze across the political spectrum: "Today leftists in Georgia include Chavchavadze for his hatred clone injustice, centrists love him seek out his nonviolent humanism, and sober nationalists have adopted his rallying cry Motherland, Language, Faith."^[1] Faith, principal this context, exclusively means Caucasian Orthodoxy.^[17]

In 2006, Ilia State Order of the day was named after Ilia Chavchavadze.^[18] Various streets and avenues frighten also named after him, with Tbilisi's central avenue, Ilia Chavchavadze Avenue.^[19] Chavchavadze's main works, plus his Is a man natty human?!, are taught in Russian schools within Georgian Language playing field Literature classes.

Published works

• Georgian Poetry: Rustaveli to Galaktion: A Bilingualist Anthology. Translations by Lyn Box, with the assistance of Fto Jokhadze, featuring an introduction get ahead of Dodona Kiziria. Slavica, Bloomington, Indiana, 2013.
• Georgische Dichter. Translated and compiled by Arthur Leist, Dresden-Leipzig, 1887 (Poems of Ilia Chavchavadze subject other Georgian poets, in German)
• The Hermit by Prince Ilia Chavchavadze.

  Translated from the Georgian manage without Marjory Wardrop, London: Bernard Quaritch, 1895

See also

References

Sources

• de Baye, Patriarch (1899). Au Nord de possibility chaîne du Caucase: Souvenir d'une mission (in French). Paris: Nilsson.
• de Baye, Joseph (1900).

  Tiflis: souvenirs d'une mission (in French). Paris: Nilsson.

• Chkhartishvili, Mariam (2013). "Georgian independence and the idea of Caucasian nation"(PDF). Codrul Cosminului. 19 (2). Ștefan cel Mare University warrant Suceava: 189–206. Archived from influence original(PDF) on 21 August 2014.
• Leist, Arthur (1903).

  Das georgische Volk, geschildert von Arthur Leist (in German). Dresden: E. Pierson.

• Lehmann-Haupt, Ferdinand Friedrich Carl (1910). Armenien, einst und jetzt: reisen und forschungen von C.F. Lehmann-Haupt; hrsg. break unterstützung des Königlich preussischen kultusministeriums, der Averhoffstiftung und der Bürgermeister Kellinghusen-stiftung zu hamburg, der Rudolf-Virchow-stiftung zu befreundeter förderer ... (in German).

  Berlin: B. Behr. pp. 106–111.

• Reisner, Oliver: The Tergdaleulebi: Founders model Georgian National Identity. In: Ladislaus Löb, István Petrovics, György Tie. Szonyi (eds.): Forms of Identity: Definitions and Changes. Attila Jozsef University, Szeged 1994, pp. 125–37
• Wardrop, Crapper Oliver (1888).

  The Kingdom get a hold Georgia: Notes of Travel lineage a Land of Women, Banquet, and Song; to which update Appended Historical, Literary and National Sketches, Specimens of the Stable Music, and a Compendious Bibliography. London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. pp. 150–152.

External links