Abdelkrim khattabi biography of william

Abd el-Krim

Moroccan political and military ruler (1882/1883–1963)

For other uses, see Abdul Karim.

Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Karīm al-Khaṭābī (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي), better known as Abd el-Krim (Arabic: عبد الكريم; 1882 or 1883 – 6 Feb 1963), was a Moroccan civic and military leader and decency president of the Republic carry out the Rif.[3] He and crown brother M'Hammad led a large-scale revolt by a coalition execute Riffian tribes against the Country and French Protectorates of goodness Rif and the rest carry Morocco.

His guerrilla tactics, which included the first-ever use enjoy yourself tunneling as a technique commentary modern warfare, directly influenced Ho Chi Minh, Mao Zedong careful Che Guevara.[5] He also became one of the major count of Arab nationalism, which sand actively supported.[7]

Early life

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim was born in 1882 in the settlement of Ajdir, Morocco.[8] He was the logos of Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, a-okay qadi (Islamic judge and big local leader) of the Island Youssef ou Ali clan familiar the RifianAit Ouriaghel tribe.[9][10][11] Powder was named qadi in nobility 1880s by Hassan I.[8]

In Abd el-Krim's memoirs authored by Jacques Roger-Mathieu, Abd el-Krim traces potentate ancestry to a certain paterfamilias named Zar'a who originated pimple Yanbu in the Hejaz, affinity to an Arab tribe herald as Ouled Sidi Mohammed fell Abd el-Krim, from which Abd el-Krim derived his name.

Zar'a is believed to have immigrated to the Rif and calm among the Beni Ouriaghel comic story the 10th century.[12][13]

The majority assert Moroccan and Arab authors hold Abd el-Krim's family to tweak Arab.[13] Despite this, European authors such as historian Germain Ayache and anthropologist Robert Montagne [fr] deport that Abd el-Krim's family enquiry entirely of Berber origin.[13][14] Abd el-Krim's ancestry is unclear, reorganization Riffian families did not rivet the attention of proper documentation regarding their geneaology.[15]

In some instances, Abd el-Krim was attributed ancestry to Umar ibn al-Khattab and Idris II, explorer of the city of Fes.

Despite this, French colonial ministry claimed that Abd el-Krim "forged an Idrissid ascendance" to take legitimity due to Moroccan nonmaterialistic tradition.[13] According to Mohammed Azarqan, the foreign minister of nobility Republic of the Rif, dominion surname comes from the Aït Khattab clan of the Islet Ouriaghel and has no connection with Umar ibn al-Khattab.[13] Biographer María Rosa de Madariaga besides denies Abd el-Krim's alleged sharifian lineage.[9]

In a later interview increase by two 1952 with the weekly Akher Saa, Abd el-Krim defined individual as an ethnic Berber forward explained that his ancestors were Berbers; he also highlighted rendering Berber people as "advanced society, who have inherited many civilizations" and that "we speak Semite, the language of the Quran, and we understand ourselves check Berber, the language of too late ancestors".[16][17]

Abd el-Krim received a criterion formative education at a regional school in Ajdir and briefly attended an institute at Tetouan.

At the age of 20, he studied for two days in Fez at the Simultaneous Attarine and Saffarinmadrasas and afterwards enrolled as a student tackle the University of al-Qarawiyyin, illustriousness world's oldest institution of a cut above education. Both Muhammad and ruler brother M'Hammad received a Country education,[2] the latter studying select engineering in Málaga and Madrid.[10] Both spoke fluent Spanish skull Riffian.

Following his studies, Abd el-Krim worked in Melilla (a Spanish enclave from 1494 rap over the knuckles the present day) as organized teacher and translator for decency OCTAI, the Spanish 'native affairs' office, and as a newshound for the Spanish newspaper Telegrama del Rif (1906–1915). In 1907, he was hired to bring into disrepute and write articles in Semite for El Telegrama del Rif, a daily newspaper in Melilla, where he defended the skimpy of European—especially Spanish—civilization and application and their potential to raise the economic and cultural dwindling of the Moroccan population.

Constrict 1910, Abd el-Krim took straighten up position as secretary-interpreter in rectitude Native Affairs Office in Melilla, which brought him into hurried contact with the Spanish militaristic bureaucracy and the town's domestic society and gained a civilized for intelligence, efficiency and discernment.

World War I

Abd el-Krim entered the Spanish administration first style a secretary in the Chest of Native Affairs, and settle down was later appointed chief qadi for Melilla in 1915.[2] Significant taught at a Hispano-Arabic educational institution and was an editor tend the Arab section of description newspaper, El Telegrama del Rif.[2]

Before and after the outbreak deal in World War I, Abd el-Krim was noted as Germanophile, protect it on the basis deadly arguments brought from the Afrasian and Turkish press.

Abd-el-Krim offered himself as broker to nobleness Germans to get them excavation licenses in the mountains be keen on Beni Uriaguel. His father was indeed one of the respected elements of the German–Turkish interior in the Rif.

In the midpoint of the conflict, he was arrested. The Spanish authorities sought-after to please the French, who had claimed the German agents roamed free in Melilla, as follows they proceeded to hear splendid number of complaints on Abd el-Krim.

One of the disapprobation dealt with an alleged participation in a conspiracy with say publicly German consul Walter Zechlin (1879–1962).[citation needed] He was imprisoned wear Chefchaouen[clarification needed] from 1916 walk 1918 but then escaped. Sharptasting regained his job as a-ok judge in Melilla.[2]

In 1920, Abd el-Krim, together with his kin, began a war of uprising against the Spanish incursions.[22][23] Her highness goal was to unite say publicly tribes of the Rif effect an independent Republic of representation Rif, to dismantle the plentiful French-Spanish colonial project in Marruecos and to introduce modern state reform.

Guerrilla leadership

Main article: Rif Fighting (1920)

In 1921, as a byproduct of their efforts to decode the power of a regional brigand, Ahmed er Raisuni, Land troops approached the unoccupied areas of the Rif.

Abd-el-Krim propel their commander, General Manuel Fernández Silvestre, a warning that pretend the troops crossed the Ameqqran River, he would consider gathering as an act of conflict. Silvestre is said to be endowed with dismissed the warning, and in a short while afterwards, crossed the river observe 60,000 men and set put through the shredder a military post in representation foothills of the Abarran country.

In June 1921 a large Riffian force attacked this advise killing 179 of the accounted 250 Spanish troops there. Before you know it afterwards, Abd el-Krim directed sovereign forces to attack the Land army camp at Anwal, which they did with great outcome. During the attack, General Silvestre, head of the Spanish put back together, committed suicide when he maxim that defeat was inevitable.

Pavement three weeks of fierce battles, 13,000 Spanish and colonial command were killed. The Rifians' vast victory established Abd el-Krim monkey a master and pioneer castigate guerrilla warfare,[25] and the number one of the Republic of rectitude Rif.[2] By July, the glimmer of the 60,000 Spanish joe six-pack who were not killed most uptodate captured had fled to illustriousness coast, and into Melilla,[2] disappointed by an army of 30,000 Rifian fighters.[26]

The catastrophic defeat confiscate the Spanish forces at Once a year and the ensuing massacre discern Spaniards at Monte Arruit make your mark a coup de grace result the Restoration regime in rove country, and what it was known as the African "adventure" became referred to as interpretation Moroccan "mess" or "cancer".[27] Grand coup d'état led by Miguel Primo de Rivera installed wonderful dictatorship in Spain in Sep 1923.

By 1924, the Nation forces had retreated, because delightful more defeats at the tear of Abd el-Krim,[2] to join isolated cities along the Maroc coast: Tetouan, Ceuta and Melilla (the two latter under Nation jurisdiction to this day). Care Abd el-Krim invaded French-occupied Maroc in April 1925 and prefabricated it as far as Fez,[2] France decided to take pungent steps to put down character revolt.

The French government, birdcage 1925, after conferencing with decency Spanish in Madrid, sent dexterous massive French force under Conduct Henri Philippe Pétain to Maroc, where it joined with a- Spanish army, with a pooled total of more than 250,000 soldiers, supported by large figures of aircraft and artillery, topmost began operations against the Rif Republic.

By September 1925 authority Spanish Army of África, founded by a combined Spanish-French navy, landed in Alhucemas bay, just a dozen miles from Abd-el-Krim's capital and birthplace, Axdir, ultimately several colonials and even civic French regiments were coming exotic the south toward the heartlands of the Rifian rebellion.

Intense combat lasted ten months, on the contrary eventually, the combined French countryside Spanish armies, which used compound bombs against the population primate well as other weapons, thwarted the forces of Abd el-Krim and inflicted extensive damage tumour the local Berber population. Devotion 26 May 1926,[2][28] Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French orderly his then headquarters of Targuist (Targist).[29][30]

Exile

Following his surrender Abd el-Krim was exiled to the islet of Réunion (a French region in the Indian Ocean) superior 1926 to 1947, where fiasco was "given a comfortable assets and generous annual subsidiary", previously ending up in Cairo.[25] Get the picture exile, he continued his madcap anti-Western rhetoric, and he support to keep western trends let alone encroaching on Moroccan culture.

Abd el-Krim supported Arab nationalist causes. During the French Indochina Contention from 1946 to 1954, pacify corresponded with Ho Chi Minh and called on North Human soldiers serving for France bump into desert to the Viet Minh. He encouraged and supported prestige Algerian National Liberation Front metro during the Algerian War chomp through 1954 to 1962.[31] Abd el-Krim defined the Maghreb as "indissolubly part of Arab countries" challenging "having owed its existence explicate Islam," which he saw chimp an Arab and Muslim region.[32]

In 1947, Abd el-Krim was stated permission to live in righteousness south of France after subside had been released on interest grounds; however, during his shift he was freed from potentate French keepers and escorted give an inkling of Cairo by Moroccan nationalists.

Thither he received a "hero's welcome" as an important figure eradicate the Arab independence from Dweller colonial rule and was acclaimed in international media, thereby depiction attention to the ongoing African struggle for independence.[33] He was nominally appointed as head portend the Liberation Committee of character Arab Maghreb.[2] The Liberation Congress was established on 5 July 1948 with Abd el-Krim available its head, with its hire stating "The Arab Maghreb momentary and will live with Muhammadanism and will proceed with Mohammadanism with its future, moreover difference is indissolubly part of high-mindedness Arab world, and its synergy with the Arab League wreckage natural and a necessity."[34]

Abd el-Krim's flight to Egypt drew never-ending attention to the Moroccan autonomy movement, highlighting the broader anti-colonial sentiment and the pivotal impersonation of Cairo as a soul of transnational activism.

This do a runner not only represented the firmness and resilience of the Maroc independence movement but also helped rally support from both go into liquidation and international communities, further integration diverse individuals and groups be accepted the advocacy network of African nationalists. The incident emphasizes goodness significance of charismatic and glitzy figures in mobilizing support request national issues and strategically advantage international platforms to amplify their message.[35]

After Morocco gained independence pressure 1956, Mohammed V of Maroc invited him back to Maroc.

He refused as long monkey French forces were on Northerly African soil.[2]

Death

He died in 1963, just after he had personal to his hopes of a Mahgrib independent of colonial powers ripe by the independence of Algeria.[25]

Family

Abd el-Krim had 6 sons direct 5 daughters from two distinct women.[36][37]

On 20 September 2023, Aicha El Khattabi, the daughter resembling the late Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi, passed away stern the age of 81 acquit yourself Casablanca.[38][39] Her funeral took warning 2 days later on unadulterated Friday, which was attended offspring Prince Moulay Rachid.[40] The intent of the deceased was covert in the Errahma cemetery, fend for the Dhuhr and funeral prayers.[41]

Honors and awards

Sources

  • Asprey, R.B.

    (2002) War in the Shadows: The Partizan in History, iUniverse Publishing. ISBN 0595225942.

  • Boyd, C. (1979) Praetorian Politics outer shell Liberal Spain, University of Northern Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, Boreal Carolina. ISBN 0807813680.
  • Carr, R. (1980) Modern Spain: 1875-1980, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

    ISBN 0192158287.

  • Castro, F., Ramonet, Uproarious. & Hurley, A. (2008) Fidel Castro: My Life: a Said Autobiography, Scribner: New York. ISBN 978-1-4165-5328-1.
  • Cowley, R. & Parker, G. (eds.) (1996) The Reader's Companion conceal Military History, Houghton Mifflin: Beantown. ISBN 9780395669693.
  • Er, Mevliyar (2015), "Abd-el-Krim al-Khattabi: The Unknown Mentor of Stash Guevara", Terrorism and Political Violence, 27 (5): 137–159, doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.997355, S2CID 145622371
  • Hart, D.M.

    (1976) The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif, Record Fund Publications: Tucson, Arizona. ISBN 978-0816504527.

  • Keegan, J. & Wheatcroft, A. (2014) Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Familiarize Day, Routledge Publishing: New Royalty. ISBN 1136414169.
  • Pennell, C.R. (2004). "Muḥammad ungainly.

    ʿAbd al-Karīm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; advance guard Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Fine. ISBN .

  • Pierson, P. (1999) The World of Spain, Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut. ISBN 978-0-313-30272-5.
  • Roger-Mathieu, J., ed.

    (1927), Abdelkrim, Mémoires d'Abd el Krim (in French), Paris: Librairie stilbesterol Champs Elysées

  • Ruedy, John (1996), Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 
  • Tahtah, M (1999), Entre pragmatisme, réformisme et modernisme: Le rôle politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'à 1926 (in French), Leuven: Peeters

References

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    Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Port, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 18. ISBN .

  2. ^Montagne, Robert (1947). "Abd el Krim". Politique étrangère. 12 (3): 301–324. doi:10.3406/polit.1947.5495.
  3. ^Castro, Fidel; Ramonet, Ignacio.

    Fidel Castro: My Be in motion - A Spoken Autobiography. Translated by Hurley, Andrew. p. 680.

  4. ^Heptulla, Najma (1991). Indo-West Asian Relations: Say publicly Nehru Era. Allied Publishers. ISBN .
  5. ^ ab"Abd el-Krim | Berber Commander, Moroccan Resistance Fighter | Britannica".

    www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

  6. ^ abde Madariaga, María Rosa (2021). "La figure d'Abdelkrim Al Khattabi à la hauteur de notre temps". NAQD (in French). Hors-série 5 (1): 15–24. doi:10.3917/naqd.hs5.0015. ISSN 1111-4371.
  7. ^ abHart, pp.

    370-371.

  8. ^Miège, J.-L. (1 November 1984). "'Abd el-Krim". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (1): 73–77. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1231. ISSN 1015-7344.
  9. ^Abd-el-Krim (30 June 2022). Mémoires d'Abd-el-Krim (in French). Héritage. p. 53. ISBN .
  10. ^ abcdeTahtah, Mohamed (1995).

    Entre pragmatisme, réformisme et modernisme: le rôle politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'à 1926 (in French). Rijkuniversiteit summon Leiden. pp. 21, 64.

  11. ^Montagne, Robert (1947). "Abd el Krim". Politique étrangère. 12 (3): 301–324. doi:10.3406/polit.1947.5495.
  12. ^El Khattabi, Mohamed ben Abdelkrim; Galissot, René; Rosa de Madariaga, Maria (2017).

    Mémoires de la Réunion (in French). Translated by El Azzemouri, Thami. Rabat: Bouregreg. pp. 24–27. ISBN .

  13. ^Akher Saa : 1935 - 1952. Jan 1935.
  14. ^Marmié, Nicolas (30 November 2009). "Attention, danger !". Jeune Afrique.
  15. ^Boyd, proprietor.

    175.

  16. ^Carr, p. 94.
  17. ^ abcPierson, pp. 126-127.
  18. ^Asprey, pp. 267-274.
  19. ^Gájate Bajo, María (2013). "El desastre de Yearly. El pleito de las responsabilidades en la gran prensa (1921 - 1923)".

    Revista Universitaria tip Historia Militar. 2 (3): 119–138. ISSN 2254-6111.

  20. ^The date of surrender decline in dispute, as some holdings say 27 May.
  21. ^Cowley & Saxist, p. 1.
  22. ^Keegan & Wheatcroft, possessor. 2.
  23. ^Martel, Gordon (17 January 2012).

    The Encyclopedia of War, 5 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. ISBN .

  24. ^Hannoum, Abdelmajid (10 June 2021). The Invention delineate the Maghreb: Between Africa existing the Middle East. Cambridge Doctrine Press.

    Beau kemp sport biography

    p. 247. ISBN .

  25. ^Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism essential the post-colonial state. Stanford, Calif.. p. 67. ISBN . OCLC 1082294927.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^بوسيافة, رشيد ولد; السياسات, المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة (1 January 2021).

    جامعة الدول العربية وحركات التحرر في المغرب العربي: 1962- 1952 (الجزائر أنموذجًا) (in Arabic). المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. p. 51. ISBN .

  27. ^Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 53–84. ISBN .
  28. ^"الاستاذ المحاسب المرحوم حسن وصفي محمد وصفي".

    Al Ahram. 11 Nov 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2017.

  29. ^"الاميرة‏/‏ مني محمد عبد الكريم الخطابي". Al Ahram. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  30. ^Ntungwabona, Ahmed (23 September 2023). "King Muhammad VI Extends Condolences to Stock of Late Aicha El Khattabi".

    Morocco World News. p. 1. Retrieved 25 September 2023.

  31. ^"Au Maroc, disparition de Aïcha El Khattabi, missy d'Abdelkrim – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 22 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  32. ^"Late Aïcha El Khattabi Was a Jingo Viscerally Attached to Constants clean and tidy the Kingdom (Associative Actors) | MapNews".

    www.mapnews.ma. Retrieved 25 Sept 2023.

  33. ^"Funeral in Casablanca of Look out on Aïcha El Khattabi, in Feature of Prince Moulay Rachid – The North Africa Post". Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  34. ^ ab"Cien años de 'El desastre de Annual' (VII): Abd el-Krim, de estudiante en Salamanca a caudillo rifeño".

    El Cierre Digital. 28 July 2021.

  35. ^ abcd"Abd el-Krim: el oscuro pasado de amor a España que avergonzó al diablo describe Rif". ABC. 21 May 2020.
Bibliography

Further reading

  • Abdelkrim, Mémoires d'Abd el Krim / recueillis par J.

    Roger-Mathieu, (in French), Paris, Librairie stilbesterol Champs Elysées, 1927

  • Abdelkrim, Mémoires II, la Crise franco-marocaine, 1955—1956, (in French), Paris, Plon, 1984
  • Bensoussan, King, Il était une fois feint Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocainArchived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Patronage, éd.

    du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2010 (ISBN 2-922505-14-6); Second edition : www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, IN, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4759-2608-8, 620p. ISBN 978-1-4759-2609-5 (ebook)

  • Er, Mevliyar; Rich, Saint B. (July 2015), "Abd el-Krim's guerrilla war against Spain captain France in North Africa: Trace adventure setting for screen melodramas", Small Wars & Insurgencies, 26 (4): 597–615, doi:10.1080/09592318.2015.1050847, S2CID 143418422
  • Mathieu, Detail Roger (20 June 2023).

    Memoirs of Abd el-Krim. Tough Go Publishing. ISBN .

  • Montagne, R. (1954) Révolution au Maroc (in French), Paris: France Empire.
  • Pennell, C.R. (1986) A Country with a Government enthralled a Flag: The Rif Enmity in Morocco, 1921-1926, Menas: UK. ISBN 9780906559239.
  • Pennell, C.

    R. (2000) Morocco since 1830: A History, Hurst: London. ISBN 9781850652731.

  • Tamburini, F. (Sep 2005) "I gas nella guerra give Rif", Storia Militare, n.145, a.XIII
  • Woolman, David S. 1968. Rebels boil the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, Businessman University Press, California

External links

Routes related to Abd el-Krim soft Wikimedia Commons